Aldéril Pronouns

The personal pronouns of Aldéril are independent words marked for person, number and case. The case markings are identical to the noun case proclitics. Aldéril does not have third person pronouns, instead, the demonstrative pronouns are used.

 SingularPlural
Firstímancó
Secondpúsa

In terms of the animacy hierarchy given above, the personal pronouns rank higher than other humans, with first person pronouns being higher in animacy than second person pronouns. Thus, the full animacy hierarchy is as followsː

1st Person < 2nd Person < human < animal < force of nature < object < mass < place < abstraction

When the demonstratives are used for third person pronouns, they retain the animacy of their antecedent for the purpose of word ordering rules. They also introduce a proximate/medial/distal distinction. That is, the demonstratives are chosen not on the basis of gender or animacy, but on proximity either in physical space or within the discourse.

While the genitive form of the pronouns may be used to mark possession, doing so is very marked and archaic. Instead, for first and second person possession, possessive adjectives are used.

 SingularPlural
Firstímbu, imbuté, imbutéancó, ancotté, ancotté
Secondcú, cutté, cuttépúsa, púsaté, púsaté

Unlike most adjectives, possessive adjectives are placed before the noun they modify. When a possessive adjective is used, the noun is considered definite by default. For third person possession, a demonstrative is used in the genitive case.

Deixis

Demonstratives

Aldéril has a three way distinction between proximal (near the speaker), medial (near the hearer), and distal (far from both speaker and hearer) demonstratives.

 HumanAnimateInanimate
“this, these”shísinnésicó
“that, those”némannénumbau
“that, those yonder”aquáaquannéaquasau

The proximal demonstrative shí may also be used as a definite article. However, since an agent—and in most voices an patient—must be definite in meaning, the definite article is typically not used on the arguments of a verb, and will typically only be seen in prepositional phrases.

In addition to referencing objects in physical space—the “pointing” function of deixis—demonstratives can also be used to reference elements of discourse. When used in this way, ném is used to refer to the most recently uttered discourse (i.e. “the later”) while aquá is used to refer to previously uttered discourse (i.e. “the former”). Shí may be used in this way to indicate something about to be spoken or something being simultaneously spoken.